The commonly isolated organisms in IAI include facultative and aerobic Gram negative bacilli (E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Enterobacter spp), Gram positive aerobic cocci (Streptococcus species, Enterococcus fecalis, Enterococcus fecium) and anaerobes (Bacteriodes being isolated in most cases). Enterococcus may not be an important issue in cholangitis and cholecystitis. Candida species, usually Candida albicans are important healthcare associated pathogens in patients who have received antibiotics.