Review of recent studies addressing the problem of pneumococcal resistance reveal the very low prevalence of resistance to penicillin in non meningeal isolates (< 1%, with revised CLSI breakpoints), but high level of resistance to macrolides (25-30%) and cotrimoxazole (> 90%). Since penicillin resistance is very low, standard doses of amoxicillin (30-40 mg/ kg/day or 500 mg thrice daily in adults) suffice. Resistance in Hib to ampicillin in a recent study evaluating lower respiratory tract isolates was 10%. Resistance in invasive Hib isolates to ampicillin, macrolides and cotrimoxazole in the IBIS study conducted two decades ago was around 40%.